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The Generation of '98 (also called Generation of 1898 or (in Spanish) ''Generación del 98'' or ''Generación de 1898'') was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish–American War (1898). The name ''Generación del 98'' was coined by José Martínez Ruiz, commonly known as Azorín, in his 1913 essays titled "''La generación de 1898''", alluding to the moral, political and social crisis in Spain produced by the disaster and the loss of the colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines after defeat in the Spanish–American War that same year. In his work ''Spain, 1808–1939'', Raymond Carr defines the Generation of '98 as the "group of creative writers who were born in the seventies, whose major works fall in the two decades after 1898". The intellectuals included in this group are known for their criticism of the Spanish literary and educational establishments, which they saw as having characteristics of conformism, ignorance, and a lack of any true spirit. Their criticism was coupled with and heavily connected to the group's dislike for the Restoration Movement that was occurring in Spanish government. ==Historical context== The group that has become known as The Generation of '98 was affected by several major events and trends in Spanish history. According to Carr's definition of the group, most of them were born in the 1870s. These men were especially informed by Spain's defeat and humiliation in the Spanish-American war in 1898, which crystallized into two distinct political movements, Republicanism and Carlist Monarchism marked by the oscillation of power (a zeal for reform characterized these years of Spanish history): # "The Glorious Revolution" in 1868 and the following six years of revolution, in which the country overthrew Queen Isabella and the monarchy and then had to try to fill the political void with a stable government. # The First Spanish Republic of 1873 lasted only 22 months. # The Restoration project of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, was an attempt to create a constitutional monarchy based on Victorian Britain, which began shortly after Cánovas was appointed prime minister by Alfonso XII in 1874. A system called ''turno pacífico'' ("peaceful alternation") was devised in which two political parties alternated control of the government, by means of a heavily orchestrated and controlled electoral process. The Restoration was reasonably successful in restoring political stability, but finally ended with the Second Spanish Republic in 1931. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Generation of '98」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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